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IODP/ICDP Expedition 364 recovered ~829 m of core at Site M0077 including ~110 m of post-impact, (hemi)pelagic Paleogene sedimentary rocks overlying the Chicxulub impact crater peak ring formed from suevite, melt rock, and granitic basement. The transition between suevite and Paleocene limestone (Unit 1F) is a remarkable fining upward package of gravel to sand-sized suevite (Unit 2A) overlain by the laminated carbonate-rich Unit 1G that records deposition of fine-grained material post-impact and contains a mix of Late Cretaceous and earliest Danian taxa. This study concentrates on the overlying Unit 1F. The ichnofabric index (ii, 1-6 indicating no bioturbation to complete homogenization), provides a semiquantitative estimate of burrow density to help assess the return of life to the crater. Unit 1F is ~10 m thick with a sharp contact at the base of a green claystone (ii 2) that overlies Unit 1G. It consists of cm-dm interbedded blue-gray marlstone (ii 2) grading upward into gray to blue-gray wacke/packstone (ii 3-5). Contacts between facies are mostly gradational due to burrowing. The upper 3 m of the unit is a yellow-brown burrowed packstone (ii 4) intercalated with gray marlstone (ii 2). The uppermost 7.5 cm is calcite cemented with 1 cm wide burrows (ii 3-4) and fine to coarse sand size clasts including foraminifera. The upper surface of the unit is a hardground with an ~2 Myr unconformity overlain by Eocene rocks. The first well-defined burrows occur in the upper 30 cm of Unit 1G. Unequivocal burrows (ii 2) that disturb sedimentary facies occur in overlying Unit 1F with values of 3-5 recorded in the overlying 10 cm indicating significant disruption of primary sedimentary structures. The iis in Unit 1F vary between 2 and 5 with rare laminated intervals without bioturbation (ii 1). Values of ii correlate well with facies changes, i.e. marlstones display lower iis than more carbonate-rich facies, implying a depth and/or redox control on burrower distribution. The ii data indicate that burrowers were re-established in the crater before the end of deposition of Unit 1G. The lowest Danian zone Pα is documented in the lowermost part of Unit 1F. Trace makers were thus active by the earliest Danian with an increase in abundance and diversity during the lower Danian, indicating a rapid and continuous return of benthic life to the crater. 

Introduction: IODP/ICDP Expedition 364 recovered core from 505.7-1334.7 m below the seafloor (mbsf) at Site M0077A (21.45° N, 89.95° W) atop the peak ring in the Chicxulub impact structure. The core penetrated Paleogene sedimentary rocks, impactrelated suevite, melt rock, and granitic basement [1]. Approximately 110 m of post-impact, hemipelagic and pelagic sedimentary rocks were recovered, ranging from middle Eocene (Ypresian) to basal Paleocene (Danian) in age [1]. The transition between suevite and basal Paleocene sedimentary rocks is a remarkable succession of fining upward gravel to sand-sized suevite (Unit 2A) overlain by laminated carbonate-rich siltstone (Unit 1G, “impact boundary cocktail” [2]) that records the settling of fine-grained material postimpact [1]. This study concentrates on the carbonaterich Paleocene sedimentary rocks of overlying Unit 1F [1]. The degree of bioturbation, or ichnofabric index (II) [3, 4], provides a semiquantitative estimate of the density of burrowing within sedminentary facies. Collection of II data within the context of facies analysis thus yields insight into the initial and then continued disturbance of sediment by burrowing organisms recording the return of life to the crater (Fig. 1). Unit 1G: The unit extends from 616.58-617.33 mbsf (Fig. 1) and consists mainly of dark brown to dark grayish brown calcareous siltstone but is complex with several different lithologies and post-depositional pyrite nodules that disrupt bedding. The base of the unit is a sharp, stylolitized contact overlain by two ~1 cm thick, normally graded beds. Overlying, up to 617.17 mbsf, the siltstone contains internally finely laminated cm-scale beds that alternate between dark brown and grayish brown. Above, up to 616.97 mbsf is a package with mm bedded couplets of dark brown and grayish brown calcareous siltstone that grade upward into similarly colored cm bedded couplets that then thin upward into mm bedded couplets again. Above this interval bedding is indistinct and appears to be obscured by soft sediment deformation from 616.66- 616.97 mbsf. The upper part of the unit is slightly deformed with greenish marlstone and interbedded lighter gray siltstone displaying a distinct downwarp from 616.58-616.66 mbsf. Rare oval structures, that are potential individual burrows, occur down to 616.65 mbsf. Unit 1F: The unit records the remainder of the Paleocene and extends from 607.27-616.58 mbsf (Fig. 1). The base of the unit is a sharp contact at the base of a greenish claystone (II 2) that overlies Unit 1G [1]. It consists dominantly of interbedded light gray to light bluish gray wackestone and packstone (II 3-5) and light to dark bluish gray marlstone (II 2) at cm-dmscale. All lithologies contain wispy stylolites. The lower portion of the unit (616.58 and 607.74) is cyclic with cm-dm-scale bedding and light greenish-blue to bluish marlstone bases (II 2-3) that grade upward into light gray or light bluish gray wackestone and packstone (II 3-5). Contacts between lithologies are usually gradational due to burrowing. The upper portion of the unit from 610.25 to 607.74 mbsf is a light yellowish brown burrowed packstone (II 4) intercalated with gray marlstone (II 2). The uppermost 7.5 cm is calcite cemented with 1 cm wide burrows (II 3-4). Clasts are fine to coarse sand size and include foraminifera. The upper surface of this unit is a hardground and minor unconformity overlain by Eocene rocks [1]. Ichnofabric Index: II data provides a window onto the return of life post-impact (Fig. 1). Rare structures in the upper most sandy suevite (Unit 2A) and in Unit 1G (Core 40R-1) resemble bioturbation structures but may also represent fluid escape [1]. The first welldefined oval structures that appear to be burrows occur in the upper part of Unit 1G (Fig. 1, 616.58-616.65 mbsf). Unequivocal burrows (II 2) that disturb sedimentary facies occur just above, at 616.56 mbsf in Unit 1F (Fig. 1). II of 3-4 are reached 5-6 cm above indicating significant disruption of original sedimentary strutures. An II of 5 is first documented at 616.16 mbsf (Fig. 1). Above this level through the Paleocene succession II largely varies between 2 and 5 with rare laminated intervals (II 1). Bioturbation intensity correlates well with facies changes and more marly facies display lower levels of bioturbation than more carbonate- rich facies. This correlation implies a depth and/or paleoredox control on the distribution of bioturbating organisms. Discussion: II and the return of life: The II data indicate that burrowing organisms were likely reestablished in the crater before the end of deposition of Unit 1G. Biostratigraphic analyses document a mix of Late Cretaceous and earliest Danian taxa within Unit Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017) 1348.pdf 1G and lowermost Danian zone Pα documented in the lowermost part of Unit 1F down to 616.58 mbsf [1]. P1a taxa occur down to 616.29 mbsf with P1b-P4 recorded upward through 607.27 m [1]. Burrowing organisims were thus active by earliest Danian indicating a rapid return of life to the crater. Hydrocode modeling implies that much of the deformation and peak ring formation was completed within minutes of the impact [5]. Deposition and reworking of impact breccia by tsunami and seiches likely extended for several days [6]. More refined estimates for the return of life to the crater may be possible with more detailed analysis of the deposition of laminae within Unit 1G that records marine settling of fine-grained material that may have taken days to months.